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Homogeneous Catalysts used in Biodiesel Production A
Homogeneous catalysts (basic or acid) possess high catalytic activity in shorter time and mild operating temperatures ranging from 40 to 65 °C at atmospheric pressure. In two-step process of biodiesel production these catalysts have proved capable in simultaneous advancing of the esterification along with transesterification.
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Soda ash also known as sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) is an alkali chemical refined from the mineral trona or naturally occurring sodium carbonate-bearing brines (the soda ash from both is referred to as natural soda ash) or manufactured from one of several chemical processes (the soda ash from this process is referred to as synthetic soda ash).
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Concrete degradation may have various causes.Concrete can be damaged by fire aggregate expansion sea water effects bacterial corrosion calcium leaching physical damage and chemical damage (from carbonatation chlorides sulfates and non-distilled water).This process adversely affects concrete exposed to these damaging stimuli.
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The high cost of importation of these additives has warranted the need for product substitution which should take advantage of the locally available resources. This paper evaluated the suitability of locally-sourced Trona as a mud additive in drilling mud. Trona is known chemically as Sodium Sesquicarbonate or Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate.
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Jan 01 2009 · Efflorescence (formation of white sodium carbonate or bicarbonate crystals) is also a known issue in geopolymers activated with too high a concentration of hydroxide solutions where the excess alkali reacts with atmospheric CO 2. This is unsightly but not always harmful to the structural integrity of the material. 4.2.3. Potassium hydroxide KOH
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Mar 01 2016 · Conversely Shi et al. used a basic slag with high MgO content (14.6 wt. ) and identified that upon activation with sodium carbonate the samples set within 24 h which was faster than when using an equivalent dose of sodium silicate activator. This shows that the slag chemistry plays a significant role in defining the kinetics of reaction when
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2 days ago · Improving the Physical–Mechanical Property of Dental Composites by Grafting Methacrylate-Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane onto a Filler Surface. Investigation of Vasculogenesis Inducing Biphasic Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering. ACS Biomaterials Science Engineering 2021
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Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research 2014 53 (26) . Microstructural and mechanical investigation. Construction and Building Materials 2019 196 . Hydrothermal preparation of calcium–aluminum carbonate sorbent for high-temperature CO2 capture in fixed-bed reactor. Fuel 2014 122 .
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A major challenge for the silk textile industry and for the process of silk-based biomaterials is to find a degumming method that can completely remove sericin while avoiding obvious hydrolysis damage to the silk fibroin. In this study papain was used to degum Bombyx mori silk fibers under nearly neutral conditions based on the specificity of papain to sericin. The degumming efficiency was
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The corrosion of refractories by sodium salts in waste liquid at high temperature has become a serious problem. This paper focuses on the thermodynamic characterization of sodium carbonate
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Mar 01 2021 · The properties of the sodium carbonate activated slag materials explored in this review are classified into the fresh mechanical and durability properties as mentioned earlier. The materials investigated include pastes mortar concrete grout etc. Table 1 presents an overview of the NC dosage water to binder ratios and curing regimes used
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Chemistry of metals Metallic sulphide and sodium carbonate interacting processes Baimbetov B.S. Aitenov K.D. of initial reactions of sodium carbonate with sulfides of copper lead zinc and iron studying the extent of Cu 2 with stirring it intensively by a mechanical pad-dle. The process was carried out at a temperature of
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The chemical and mechanical characteristics of sodium carbonate activated slag/Mg(OH)2 cements makes them a potentially suitable matrix for encapsulation of high loadings of
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Jun 29 2020 · The mixing method is the investigation of the characteristics of alkali-activated cement paste (AACP) with slag and silica fume (SF) of 1 1. The basic mixing method is ASTM C305 which is defined as 1st-cycle. There are three factors considered in this experiment (i) the addition of mixing time (2nd-cycle) (ii) the concentration of activator depending on the amount of mixing water and (iii
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The purpose of this paper is to show the influence of different alkali sources such as caustic soda magnesium hydroxide lime (calcium hydroxide) and sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate as
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The corrosion of refractories by sodium salts in waste liquid at high temperature has become a serious problem. This paper focuses on the thermodynamic characterization of sodium carbonate
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Exposure of high-yield mechanical pulp to alkaline pH conditions yields substantial loss of brightness with the degree of darkening dependent on such factors as the fiber species and the ionic content of the water. Because ordinary calcium carbonate fillers dissolve when the pH is below about 6.5 acidic conditions must be avoided.
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Basalt fiber is a novel type of inorganic fiber which is produced from the extrusion of natural vocalnic basalt rocks through their melting process at high temperature. So the quality and strength characteristics of basalt fiber depend mainly on both the quality of raw material and manufacturing processing. Basalt fabric-reinforced cementitious composites (FRCM) are a novel composite and an
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Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is the most widely used filler material in paper paint plastic food ceramic cosmetic medicine and other industries.
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Jan 01 2009 · Efflorescence (formation of white sodium carbonate or bicarbonate crystals) is also a known issue in geopolymers activated with too high a concentration of hydroxide solutions where the excess alkali reacts with atmospheric CO 2. This is unsightly but not always harmful to the structural integrity of the material. 4.2.3. Potassium hydroxide KOH
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Randall et al. (2011) separated both calcium sulfate (98 pure) and sodium sulfate (96.4 pure) from brine. van Spronsen et al. (2010) reported the simultaneous precipitation of two compounds sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate. The needle-like shapes of the bicarbonate salt filled up the voids in the crystal bed resulting in poor
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